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Integrator

An operational amplifier-based integrator is most often built on the basis of an inverting amplifier and is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. An operational amplifier-based integrator

The integrator circuit at the output produces an inverted voltage V_out numerically equal to the integral V_in over time t. The value of the output voltage (V_out) taking into account the voltage at time t=0 (V_st) is determined by the formula:

V_out=–	1	t ∫ 0	V_indt+V_st

	RC

It is important to take into account that an operational amplifier-based integrator ceases to be a DC amplifier, since negative feedback is implemented through a capacitor with infinitely large DC resistance.

Integrators are used in various systems that require calculating an integral (usually over time). Among them are devices for monitoring and accounting for the consumption of liquids, gas, and many others.

The operational amplifier based integrator circuit should also be considered as a low-pass filter (LPF) used in sound reproduction, radio transmitting and radio receiving equipment.

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11/27/2022

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